Crj100 Essay - 1312 Words

Assignment #3 Strayer University James Crews Introduction to Criminal Justice – CRJ 100 Professor Michael Sherwin February 7, 2013 I think the most interesting part of the stages of a criminal trial is going to Trail. It is when things actually begin to take place in count and that is when the real judgment takes place. Nothing really matters until it is proven in court. By going to trail, it is basically the conclusion to the case, once it is over. Being found guilty or not guilty by the jury and/or the judge is where this happens. There can be up to nine steps in this criminal trial. All of which that leads up to the trail part of the criminal trial. It is found to have the most importance. The trail part of the criminal trial†¦show more content†¦After the case went through trial sentencing takes place, which is if it goes that far. Sentencing is determined after the judgment. A convicted person may have the right to appeal the decision by a higher court and if finds a mistake that has taken place, then the court may reverse the conviction or go through the case once more. This is an example of a famous criminal case that has taken place in the United States: â€Å"Born of an immigrant family in Brooklyn, New York in 1899, Al Capone quit school after the sixth grade and associated with a notorious street gang, becoming accepted as a member. Johnny Torrio was the street gang leader and among the other members was Lucky Luciano, who would later attain his own notoriety. About 1920, at Torrio’s invitation, Capone joined Torrio in Chicago where he had become an influential lieutenant in the Colosimo mob. The rackets spawned by enactment of the Prohibition Amendment, illegal brewing, distilling and distribution of beer and liquor, were viewed as â€Å"growth industries.† Torrio, abetted by Al Capone, intended to take full advantage of opportunities. The mob also developed interests in legitimate businesses in the cleaning and dyeing field and cultivated influence with receptive public officials, labor unions, and employees’ associations. Capone gained experience and expertise as his strong right arm. In 1925, Capone became boss when Torrio, got seriously wounded in an assassination attempt,Show MoreRelatedMarketing Strategy Of Bombardier As A Canadian Based Public Company1459 Words   |  6 Pagesgovernment owned airplane manufacturing company. Till yet, this is considered as the biggest corporate loss in the history of Canada. This was the turning point in the history of Bombardier. After that, Bombardier manufactured several planes such as CRJ100/200/440/700/900/1000. Its most popular planes are Global Express and Challenger business jet. As far as the railway segment of Bombardier, we can track that it started from the acquisition of Lohner-Rotax which was a Australian company. This Lohner-RotaxRead MoreDoc, Docx Pdf3690 Words   |  15 PagesCengage Pearson Cengage Pearson Wiley Cengage Cengage Pearson Wiley Pearson Pearson Wiley Pearson Pearson Wiley Pearson Jones and Bartlett Free eChapters (FALL 2012) CIS530 CIS531 CIS532 CIS534 CIS539 CIS542 CIS552 CIS550 CIS558 CIS560 CIS562 CRJ100 CRJ105 CRJ180 CRJ220 CRJ310 CRJ320 CRJ330 CRJ410 CRJ440 CRJ475 CRJ475 CRJ499 ECO100 ECO101 ECO102 ECO105 ECO301 ECO302 ECO310 ECO320 ECO400 ECO405 ECO410 ECO450 Discrete-Event System Simulation 5th 10 ed. SERVICE ORIENTED ARCHITEECTURE 2006 Top DownRead MoreSkywest Case Study5493 Words   |  22 PagesAmerican Eagle | -7.55 | 1,500 | 170 | 38/20 | Bombardier CRJ (47)Embraer 145 (118)Embraer 140 (59)Embraer 135 (21)ATR72 (36) | American Airlines | Mesa Air Group | 1.25 | 465 | 96 | 37/2 | Bombardier CRJ 900(38)Bombardier CRJ700 (18)Bombardier CRJ100/200(60)Embraer EERJ-145 (36)Dash 8-200 (16)Embraer Brasilia (2)Beechcraft 1900D (34) | United AirlinesU.S. AirwaysMidwest AirlinesDelta Airlines | Republic Airways | -5.30 | 1,500 | 48 | 27/1 | Q400 (3)Embraer 170 (18) | American ConnectionContinental

Communication Is The Key Component Of Social Behavior

It is known that society believes men to be more stable and rational in their actions and state of mind while women are believed to be emotional and irrational. Many people believe those qualities are biologically predetermined and it is a collective misconception that a person’s behavior differs based on their sex, when in fact it is based more so on their gender. To start off, look at the difference between sex and gender: â€Å"Sex refers to the biological categories of female and male categories distinguished by genes, chromosomes, and hormones,† â€Å"Gender refers to the social categories of male and female (Helgeson, 2016, p. 3).† With that said, the differences in social behavior are due to a person’s gender, not sex. Social behavior pertains to numerous different areas, but one area in particular is communication. Communication is the key component of social behavior because it is how a person interacts with the outside world, making it the defini ng theme of social behavior. Communication starts at birth when an infant begins to communicate what they desire by pointing. Children learn new things at high capacities everyday which allows them to evolve into communicative and expressive individuals. As children age, they begin to become aware of oneself and others. Carol K. Sigelman led a study titled, â€Å"Gender Differences in Preschool Children’s Commentary on Self and Other.† In this study, boys and girls at the preschool age were compared in the ways they interact with theirShow MoreRelatedFunctional Families : Components : Communication, Family Roles, And Problem Solving1518 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Three Components: Communication, Family Roles, and Problem Solving David Wilson Texas AM University Corpus Christi Introduction The structure of a family plays an essential role within a functional family. When analyzing family function there are numerous variables that define functionality, but the defining characteristics are those correlated to understanding the behavior and conflicts within the family. There are three types of structure that define the behaviors and conflicts withinRead MoreClassroom Implementation For Students With Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1216 Words   |  5 Pagesbut also the institutions serving the ASD student population. Appropriate education practices offer all general education and students with disabilities ample opportunities for growth by utilizing various teaching style that support academic, behavior and social skills. There is a clear indication that general educators accommodate students with disabilities due to state mandated laws and the binding practices of IEPs. Consequently, minimal research exists regarding the academic success of studentsRead MoreThe Signif icant Principles of Management Communications2466 Words   |  7 PagesResearch Paper: The Significant Principles of Management Communications Mia A. Rapier BUS 600: Management Communication with Technology Tools Instructor Cheryl Moore July 27, 2014 It’s been understood that â€Å"communication in business involves a complex set of unwritten rules governing speech, written correspondence and body language that varies in different parts of the world† (Ingram, 2014). Communication is the essential component of business, â€Å"from the entry-level manager to the seasonedRead MorePersonal Statement On Family Therapy1246 Words   |  5 Pagestheory. The functionalist framework, Talcott Parson whose perspective on family is best understood by social systems. Parson divided up the social world into three parts which are cultural, social, and personality. The cultural aspect is composed of shared symbols and meanings; social is of organized social groups and institutions, and personality is species. Parson disputed that every social system needs to achieve a store of order or system equilibrium. He suggested that the basic and irreducibleRead MoreTeaching New Skills For Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder989 Words   |  4 PagesIntervention (IBI) is an evidenced based and effective approach to understanding and changing behavior, and teaching new skills for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. IBI uses Applied Behavioural Analysis (ABA) techniques to improve behaviour where there are impairments in socialization and communication. IBI can be used to teach academic and life skills, to change behavior, and to improve social functioning and independence. â€Å"IBI’s ability to produce a desired result has been documented, andRead MoreWhat Causes Hearing Impairment1064 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation from the outside world, communication usually become frustrated for hearing-impaired students when interact with their peer. They showed lower self-awareness, self-management, frustration tolerance and impulsivity in their characteristics. Therefore, it is common to see emotional and social behavior difficulties in hearing-impaired individuals. As a speech and language pathologist, who is going to work with hearing-impaired students in language and communication aspect and likely to be the onlyRead MoreOrganizational Culture Assesment1717 Words   |  7 Pageswhich they reduced to 24 for a systematic review of what employees thought comprised a healthy workplace. The factors they discovered included collaboration, growth and development, recognition, engagement, empowerment, fairness, and skillf ul communication (Lindberg Vingà ¥rd, 2012). Beckhard’s (2006) list could be improved to include more focus on worker engagement, suggesting employee autonomy, involvement, growth, and justice. This would include tools and techniques such as teaching compassionRead MoreSocial Penetration Theory By Irwin Altman And Dalmas1511 Words   |  7 Pages Irwin Altman and Dalmas introduces Social Penetration theory in chapter 8 and they explain the theory as â€Å"the idea that relationships become more intimate over time when partners disclose more and more information about themselves† (Littlejhon, 2002). This paper will showcase social media and how it relates to how individuals self-disclose in social penetration theory. A short history of social media and the direction it’s headed will also be included. 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Amy tans free essay sample

Amy tans essay BY chikita1915 The article My Mothers English by Amy Tan is mainly about the authors thoughts and Judgments on her mother broken English in comparison to Standard English. Tan is a fictional writer who is fascinated by language in daily life (Tan 1) and uses language as everyday part of her work as a writer. Tans point in this article is to prove that even if her mother is speaking English! Others should not use that to judge your intelligence. Tans mother did not speak perfect English, but the points nd ideas she was trying to get across are what really were important. Tan observes some in paragraph two and three experiences that made her realize the different types of Englishes she uses. Tan illustrates this to her audience by giving examples of the struggles her mother was faced with due to her English. Tan examines the different versions of English people use for example Tan giving the example of letting her mother explain the story about the political gangster who had the same last name as [Amy Tans mother] which Tan explains the percent of how many people ere able to understand her mothers English and who could not, in order to make the reader realize that English takes many different forms which leads to difficulty and conclusion to those who are attempting to learn and speak the language like her mother. We will write a custom essay sample on Amy tans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This essay is directed towards those who do not have an understanding of the variations of languages and the complications that come along with trying to learn a new language like English. Although, this relates to me because English is my second language and Spanish is my native language, Tan gives us some main ideas n the article that are Just related to my daily life: treat everyone with respect, the power of language, and how children are influence by their parents, English. She emphasizes these ideas to mainly agree with her because now in these days many people are trying to learn and speak English. Sometimes most of us make mistakes by speak broken English. Matter or fact there is no one in this world uses the perfect grammar of English. I know this because since Middle School through high School all my English teachers said that no one would use proper grammar of English. Amy tan is suggesting her readers in this article that Just because some cannot speak the English language to perfection that does not make them less intelligent than someone who is born in this country and understands and speaks English fluently. Which she leads us to the major themes in her article, are those of identity, memory, and heritage of different Englishes. She writes about her feelings towards her mothers English, how she felt ashamed (6) and how she grew up with it. Tan developed her English much better, even though she was able to speak the language f intimacy (3) at home with her family and Standard English with the outside world. This experiences resonate with me because my Mom does not speak English very well and people from the stores, restaurants, and friends of her will make fun of her and she decided to give up but in real life she is really smart. Our English at home is differently than going to the outside world and talking to doctors office or well educated people. I have helped my mother to improve her knowledge of English because thanks to her I learn English very well because I went to an Elementary School where everyone speaks English all day long from that I force my self on to take me serious, and I help my mom to improve her English because I will never be ashamed (6) of my mother because I love her and I know she will speak it sooner or later not like at first Amy Tan though of her mothers English. I recommend this article to those whose English is their second language because Amy Tan provides a brilliant point. Her main point in this article is that we must respect and not Judge persons who speak different Englishes.

Scope of Demography Essay Example For Students

Scope of Demography Essay Demography, Scope, Perspectives and Theory J C Caldwell 1 November 2000 Demography: Scope, Perspectives and Theory John C. Caldwell Health Transition Centre National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health Australian National University Canberra The term â€Å"demography† has been widely used in English-speaking countries only from the mid -twentieth century. Earlier, â€Å"population studies† or, revealingly, â€Å"population problems† had been the common usage. There is still an inclination to restrict â€Å"demography† to the analytical methods used to analyze population data while employing â€Å"population studies† or â€Å"population science† for wider subject matter covering, in addition, the causes and consequences of demographic change. Interest in the size and growth of populations is as old as the first state formations in the ancient Middle East and some attempts to count or estimate population numbers go back millennia. State strength was dependent on population numbers, especially those males of military age, and a good government was one under which numbers increased because of the suppression of violence and success in averting famine. There have long been attempts to place a figure on the number of deaths during severe epidemics. Censuses and the recording of deaths were carried out in some of the citystates of Renaissance Italy. Birth rates were treated as either constant or meaningless and little attempt was made to measure them until shortly before the recent fertility transition. Modern demography had to await the development of a scientific outlook and counts of population and vital events that were reasonably complete. These conditions began to be realized during the second half of the seventeenth century in Britain, where the Royal Society was founded in 1660 with two of the fathers of demography, John Graunt (1620-74) and William Petty (1623-87) as members. Graunt was a merchant and used bookkeeping principles to construct the first life table, drawing data on 2 ortality from the records of deaths in London, which had been compiled since the previous century. Petty described this activity as â€Å"political arithmetic† (Kreager 1988: 134), a term regarded as being so appropriate by Lancelot Hogben that in 1938 he published a book under that title on the demography of contemporary Britain. Edmond Halley (1656-1742) constructed in 1693 a life table much closer to the modern model with more complete data on the deaths and population of the German city , Breslau. Kreager (1991: 209) identifies Graunt, Petty and Halley as the first persons to apply scientific principles to the study of society. All were consciously influenced by the work and scientific principles of Francis Bacon (1561-1626) and were well aware of the value of scientific laws as evidenced by the work of their fellow Royal Society member, Isaac Newton (1642-1727) in his Principia Mathematica (1687) (edited by and published at the cost of Halley). These demographic pioneers’ work bore the same characteristics as those of their successors today. . It was dependent on data having come into existence at the whim of others, usually governments, for other purposes (e. g. the London Bills of Mortality were a means of detecting epidemics, principally plague). 2. Much of the labor was spent not on making immediate deductions from the numbers but on suspiciously testing the da ta and trying to improve them. This central assumption that the raw data are almost certainly imperfect s ets demographers apart from most social, medical and statistical scientists. 3. Demographers are deeply sensitive to the fact that crude numbers or measures may be misleading, owing to such factors as the age and sex structure of the population, and they are given to devising measures that will overcome the distortions and allow valid comparisons. 4. There is a concept of a population, a large body of people constituting some kind of definable unit to which the measurements pertain. 5. That attention to large populations, often national ones, explains why demographic â€Å"arithmetic† is political. Often, indeed, its practitioners wanted to gauge the health of the body politic and even to point the irection of improvement. Such policy involvement did not become controversial until the 3 twentieth century when controversy arose, first over focusses on migrants and differential fertility in response to the eugenic s movement, and later over research appearing to support the call for a curb on Third World fertility (cf. Hodgson 1983; Szreter 1993). 6. Demogr aphers are suspicious of the study of individuals and small groups, feeling that such persons are significant only when it can be shown what fraction of a larger population they constitute and even then that the fraction is of a considerable size. . Demographers look for regularities in populations or subpopulations and for contrasts between subpopulations: Graunt showed urban-rural differentials in mortality, as well as male-female differentials in both numbers born and subsequent mortality. 8. From the beginning there has also been an interest in causation (Graunt examined the causes of death), but there has, at the same time, been a suspicion that measures of causes were more likely to be in error than measures of population or death. 9. Until the nineteenth century in France and the twentieth century elsewhere mortality and population growth dominated demographers’ interests; fertility became of interest only when birth rates began to decline and the major concern only during the 1960s -1980s, when interest focussed on the beginning of fertility decline in developing countries (Caldwell 1996: 324). 10. Demography has always been an empirical discipline maintaining almost uniquely nineteenth-century positivist attitudes throughout the twentieth century. Most demographers have been happy to carry out analyses within a minimalist theoretical framework and have been deeply suspicious of disciplines which built theoretical structures upon unproven, theoretical bases (Caldwell 1996: 310-314). They have preferred intermediate or short -range theory to grand theory. 11. Nevertheless, the population field has also given birth to grand theory, associated with such names as Thomas Robert Malthus, Arsene Dumont, Frank W. Notestein, Thomas McKeown, Ester Boserup and Philippe Aries. They have set up frameworks which have consciously or unconsciously generated much of 4 the shorter-range research, and have made the subject known beyond its practitioners. 12. Once demographers had established the usual levels of mortality and fertility they became interested in change, especially once the demographic transition was under way. Modern demography has not only a population base but also a time dimension. There is hardly a major demographic study in the twentieth century in which change over a period (usually of years) is not important. 13. Demographers, in contrast to epidemiologists, are usually concerned with total mortality decline, and are suspicious of approaches singling out advances in treating specific diseases, and of any attempt to treat total mortality decline as the sum of individual medical breakthroughs. When they do trace mortality changes from one cause, they usually want to see what has also happened to mortality from other causes. On the empirical side, demography made only limited progress during the eighteenth century. The reason was the failure of national censuses or vital registration systems to appear. The foremost demographic thinker of the age was Johann Peter Sussmilch (1707-1767), who, in his search for the divine order (not very different from later concepts of the natural order, or from ideas embedded in the work of Adam Smith and Malthus), examined masses of demographic data searching for regularities, discerned the balance of births and deaths (later to be termed â€Å"homeostasis†), and produced a life table which was used for actuarial purposes well into the nineteenth century (Schubnell 1959; Hecht 1987). Sweden set up a system of population registers in the mid-eighteenth century, mandated by a 1748 Act. This allowed Per Wargentin to produce the first data-based national life table in the world for the years 1755-57 (Dorn 1959: 437-438). The United States decennial census, necessitated by its constitution for electoral purposes, was first taken in 1790. Britain followed in 1801, and in 1837 the registration of births and deaths was made compulsory in England and Wales. 5 The stage was being set for the rapid growth of demographic studies in Britain and other parts of Northern Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. The most important single body of research was that on differential mortality by socioeconomic class inaugurated by William Farr (1807-1883) in a supplementary report on the 1851 census and continued over six decennial censuses. Such work was not paralleled in the United States because of State responsibility for vital registration, with the result that the US Death Registration area, covering those states with satisfactory complete registration, expanded from 1880 until national coverage was achieved in 1933 for both births and deaths. Population registers, or, more commonly, the combination of censuses and registration systems, have remained the central mechanisms for studying demographic change. For contemporary studies they have been supplemented by sample surveys, facilitated by the computer revolution, and for historical studies by the painstaking examination and linking of parish church records, especially in France and Britain. In France and Geneva village studies have yielded data from as far back as the seventeenth century while E. A. Wrigley and R. S. Schofield (1981) have reconstructed English population history from 1541 to 1871. Demography has maintained its primary focus on population, births and deaths. All are definable within a fairly high degree of precision, a criterion about which demographers feel strongly. Interest has swung from mortality to fertility largely in accord with how the levels of each are changing. There has not been the same attention to health or morbidity. In fact, when demographers purport to write on health, most of their output is usually on mortality change. One reason is that these conditions cannot be defined exactly, a situation which has been worsened by WHO’s all-inclusive definition of â€Å"good health†. Another reason is the source of data. If demographers work alone through censuses or surveys, they must depend upon self diagnosis or the reporting of symptoms by respondents, and such reporting is often inaccurate and varies by such characteristics of the respondents as education. Surveys can sometimes coopt medically trained persons but diagnosis in the field is difficult and the employment of pathology testing usually limits the size of the survey. The alternative of using data from hospitals or doctors’ surgeries goes far toward destroying the concept of a â€Å"population† which is basic to the way demographers see 6 the world. Similarly, migration has remained a specialist, and somewhat marginal, concern, even though, in an open population, it is the additional process to fertility and mortality that explains population change. There is no simple measurement, and indices of migration are affected by definitions of the number of movements to count and the distance and timing of movements. Marriage, too, has not been enthusiastically embraced, partly because definitions can be questionable. It has been employed mostly in the explanation of fertility levels, as in the Princeton European Fertility Project and in John Bongaart’s formulae. These procedures are simplest when nearly all fertility occurs within marriage as in the Princeton Project’s work on historic Europe or in contemporary studies of much of Asia and North Africa. This paper will discuss the contribution of demographers to understanding demographic change and propounding theory based on those changes, mostly in terms of mortality, but there will also be passing reference to fertility. Demographic change Demographers’ interests and theories are dependent not only on data but on clear patterns or changes revealed by the data. Mortality data revealed two different kinds of phenomena. The first was a pattern of mortality differentials existing long before mortality transition and assumed to be stable. The British seventeenth-century investigators found differences in death rates by age, sex and urban-rural residence. During the eighteenth century, observers became increasingly convinced that there were also socioeconomic differentials: the poor, especially during early childhood, being more likely to die than the rich. It had also always been known that mortality evidenced periodic surges as epidemics or famines ravaged populations. Indeed, that was the original reason for attempting to collect death statistics. It was also known that these factors interacted: the fourteenth-century story-tellers in Boccaccio’s Decameron had left Florence to lessen their chance of being infected by the plague. Wrigley and Schofield (1981: end pullout) show that in England the great mortality peaks did not recur after the middle of the eighteenth century. This is not synonymous with mortality decline, and it was to be generations before there was 7 certainty about the existence of a secular trend toward lower mortality and higher life expectancy. In England life expectancy was fairly constant from 1826 to 1871 at just over 40 years, around 1. 5 years above the level during the first quarter of the century or the level in the late sixteenth century. There was no proof here of major change (Wrigley and Schofield 1981: 528-529). Greater change did come during the last three decades of the nineteenth century so t hat by century’s end life expectancy was 47 years and there was a realization that mortality was falling and an expectation that it would continue to do so. Neither Tom Paine, writing toward the end of the eighteenth century, nor Karl Marx, writing up until the early 1880s, saw a major mortality decline as an aspect of mankind’s future experience. In contrast, Alfred Marshall’s Principles of Economics, published in 1890, took the decline very seriously (Caldwell 1986a: 31). The mortality transition had, at least until two-thirds of the way through the twentieth century, certain striking characteristics. In Sweden, for which there is the longest series of reliable statistics, the marked declines occurred among the younger population, although they were by no means confined to infancy. By 1965 agespecific death rates among infants were six percent of the level in 1780, one percent among 1-4 year -olds, three percent among both 5-9 and 10-14-year-olds, ten percent among 30-34-year-olds but over 40 percent among those over 60 years of age (P. Caldwell 1996: 610). During this 185-year period both male and female life expectancies doubled, females’ expectancies remaining 6-7 percent greater than males, although, in absolute terms, increasing from 2. 5 to 4. 4 years. Alter and Riley (1989) claimed that in England morbidity rose as mortality fell, and offered a â€Å"frailty† explanation. Mortality transition is classically pictured as occurring decisively before fertility transition begins. In the West the picture is less clear than this. Except in France, and possibly the United States, marital fertility decline began in the last third of the nineteenth century. In England and Wales mortality fell by about one-sixth between 1870 and 1900 and so did the total fertility rate. Other Western countries were not dissimilar. It is clearer that fertility transition theory was to achieve a robustness that 8 mortality transition theory did not attain. Part of the explanation is that the fertility decline was seen as a solely behavioral phenomenon. By the 1970s a new stage in the mortality transition was becoming evident. It became clear that significant gains against mortality among older populations were being achieved (Myers 1996:87). In 1982 Lopez and Hanada (p. 218) looked at mortality change among populations over 60 years of age in developed countries, and, dividing each country into separate male and female groups, showed that in almost one -third of groups, the 25 years, 1950 to 1975, had witnessed greater mortality decline than the 50 years from 1900 to 1950. In Australia, Canada and Sweden a decline in mortality from heart disease was mainly responsible, but in Japan and France a greater decline was attributed to stroke. The two diseases explained around 80 percent of the decline in old-age mortality. Explanations were slow in coming, as were quantitative descriptions of what exactly was happening; Myers (1996: 110) commented: â€Å"Whether this prolongation results from delayed onset of diseases or postponed case fatality is a major research issue facing demographers, epidemiologists, and health scientists†. Attempts to gather demographic and other data on aging were quicker to start; the Duke, Seattle and Baltimore Longitudinal Studies began recording cohort experience in 1955, 1956 and 1958 respectively (Krausler and Krausler 1996). The final success of the mortality transition has aggravated but not caused the problem of high aged-dependency levels. The main engine in increasing the proportion of the aged has been the fertility decline. If we take the case of a representative English-speaking overseas-settlement country attaining a stable population structure at 1870 levels of vital rates and again at present-day rates, we get the following picture (calculations from Coale and Demeny 1966, West Model). In 1870 with a gross reproduction rate of 3. 0 and life expectancy at birth of 47. 5 years, then only 2. percent of the population would be over 65 years of age. If stable population structure were to be achieved at present levels, a gross reproduction rate of 1. 0 and life expectancy of 77. 5 years, 19. 0 percent of the population would be over 65 years. Four-fifths of the rise in the proportion of old population is explained by the 9 fertility decline and only one-fifth by the mortality decline. If fertility ha d remained constant over those 130 years but the same conquest of death had been achieved, the proportion of the population over 65 years of age would have risen only from 2. 8 to 5. 2 percent. None Provided8 Argumentative EssayNevertheless, the previous rise in life expectancies ranged only between 0. 24 and 0. 58 years per elapsed year, not particularly fast in comparison with other developing countries. The marked advances occurred after sulfa drugs, antibiotics, 17 DDT and new malaria prophylactics became available, and probably could not have occurred without them. The mass vaccination programs had not yet begun. But the advances did coincide with periods of radicalism when universal democratic health systems were established, even in urban slums and remote rural regions, with free or cheap services. Those involved gave great credit for the success to the eager, cooperative, educated clients. The paper showed that in countries like some of the oil producers, where much money had been spent on health facilities but where women were neither educated nor independent, similar health advances had not been made. In Sri Lanka, Kerala and Costa Rica, the universal health services were based on health centers or small hospitals. There was little in the way of high-tech medical services, but the services were not strictly primary health care in that they were centered on doctors and were largely curative. The conclusion was that the fastest mortality declines in contemporary conditions were achieved by a collaboration between the democratic provision of modern medicine and a populace that was educated and where women enjoyed considerable independence. A similar conclusion had earlier been drawn from a comparison of two areas in Nigeria (Orubuloye and Caldwell 1975). Later studies showed how more-educated women could gain for their children greater benefits from the health system than could lesseducated women (Caldwell et al. 1990b: 538-539). The stages of mortality transition Demographers had found it useful to divide the demographic transition into stages (Thompson 1929; Notestein 1945; Blacker 1947). Omran (1971) did the same for mortality transition, dividing it into three stages: (1) the age of pestilence and famine, prior to the transition; (2) the age of receding pandemics, as mortality fell cons istently with the reduction of death from infectious disease; and (3) the age of degenerative and man-made diseases, when mortality was dominated by heart disease, stroke and cancer. Although he wrote of the degenerative diseases replacing the infectious ones as if they were a new arrival, the central theme of his paper was really the conquest of infectious disease, with the result that most people lived longer with little else ultimately to kill them than degenerative disease. Fifteen years later, Olshansky and Ault (1986), followed by Rogers and Hackenberg (1987), furnished with new 18 American mortality data, added a fourth stage, that of delayed mortality from degenerative disease. The demographic approach: theory and analysis The foregoing discussion outlines some of the major demographic frameworks within which demographers work. Some of the theorists would not describe themselves as demographers, but all approach demographic change in an essentially demographic way, and not in a medical or epidemiological way. High demographic theory employs a broad population base and is usually concerned with changes in mortality and/or fertility over time. It usually starts with at least some empirical data but often then soars far beyond them. Nevertheless, demographers – in contrast with many anthropologists, sociologists or even economists – are usually apprehensive of building further pyramids of theory on existing theory. Their instincts are to substantiate at least part of the high theory by developing intermediate -range theories which can be tested empirically. Few empirical demographers do not somewhere in their papers make reference to some theoretical postulates. Some demographic analysis is so broad that it inevitably implies theoretical onstructs. In the mortality area there are studies such as Stolnitz’s (1955, 1956) â€Å"A century of international mortality trends†, Preston and Nelson’s (1974) â€Å"Structure and change in the causes of death: an international summary†, and Preston’s (1975) paper, â€Å"The changing relationship between mortality and level of economic development†. What distinguishes these from most epidemiological papers is first that they usually deal with all mortality, even if they later subdivide by individual causes. Indeed, demographers often draw attention to parallel movements in the reduction of mortality from a variety of causes (e. g. Preston and Taubman 1994: 313), thus throwing doubt on the epidemiological analyses of the efficacy of interventions affecting a single disease. Secondly, demographic analysis tends to seek background or fundamental influences – using social and economic data – not on the individual but on whole societies. Thirdly, their population base is frequently the whole society. Finally, demographic and epidemiological papers tend to orient themselves to different audiences, as any glance at their respective journals shows. Demographic 19 studies are usually written by social scientists for social scientists, while the authors of most epidemiological papers have medical training. Epidemiological studies are the most population-based of all medical research, but nevertheless, they are not usually embedded in whole populations seen over long periods of time in their social and economic context. Attempts have been made to meld the demographic and epidemiological approaches. Perhaps the most successful was that by Mosley and Chen (1984) which they accomplished by using â€Å"social science† and â€Å"medical† measures as different levels of explanation, the former as â€Å"background variables† and the latter as â€Å"intermediate variables†. Preston (1996: 535) has pointed out that demographers use â€Å"quasibiological material†, such as duration of birth-spacing, parity and age, but â€Å"analyses with more biological data are not likely to be undertaken by demographers, nor published in demographic journals†. Finally, does demographic theory have anything to say about the recent decline in old age mortality? The fact that heart disease and stroke account for about 80 percent of mortality decline, while cancer’s contribution is negligible (Myers 1996: 101), suggests that medical interventions should receive most credit. Yet the greater importance of a decline in stroke mortality in Japan and France, in contrast, to the predominant significance of lowered heart disease in Australia, Canada and Sweden, suggests that cultural and behavioral factors should not be ignored. Certainly the rising levels of education among the old, reflecting advances in schooling from the 1920s onward, must have had an impact. Preston and Taubman (1994: 284-287) reported that between 1960 and 1971-84 in the United States large educational differentials in mortality opened up among 65-84-year-olds (with differentials being negligible above 85 years). Males with the most education exhibited mortality levels only 58 percent of those with the least education while the figure among females was 66 percent. Furthermore, the differentials were similar for all causes of death (Preston and Taubman 1994: 290). Fogel’s (1997) work on nutrition among the very young may also be part of the explanation. He believes that the greatest old-age mortality declines are yet to come as the baby boom generation which in developed countries 20 suffered no malnutrition during childhood begins to reach old age in the second decade of the twenty-first century. Treas (1995: 16-17) argued that there would be continuing falls in old-age mortality because of younger people becoming increasingly conscious of the need for healthier lifestyles and the dangers associated with smoking, obesity, high blood pressure and high levels of cholesterol. Acknowledgements: Assistance was received from Pat Caldwell, Bruce Missingham, Wendy Cosford and Elaine Hollings. References Alter, George and James C. Riley. 1989. Frailty, sickness and death: models of morbidity and mortality in historical populations. Population Studies 43, 1: 25-45. Aries, Philippe. 1962. Centuries of Childhood . London: Jonathan Cape. Bicego, G. T. and J. T. Boerma. 1991. Maternal education and child survival: a comparative analysis of DHS data. Pp. 177-204 in Proceedings of the Demographic and Health Surveys World Conference, Washington, D. C. , 1990, vol. 1. Blacker, C. P. 1947. Stages in population growth. Eugenics Review 39, 3: 88-101. Boserup, Ester. 1965. The Conditions of Agricultural Growth: The Economics of Agrarian Change under Population Pressure. Chicago: Aldine. Caldwell, John C. 1976. Towards a restatement of demographic transition theory. Population and Development Review 2, 3-4: 321-366. Caldwell, John C. 1979. Education as a factor in mortality decline: an examination of Nigerian data. Population Studies 33, 3: 395-413. Caldwell, John C. 1982a. Theory of Fertility Decline. London: Academic Press. Caldwell, John C. 1982b. The wealth flows theory of fertility. Pp. 169-188 in Determinants of Fertility Trends: Theories Re-examined , ed. C. Hohn and R. Mackensen. Liege: Ordina. 21 Caldwell, John C. 1986a. The role of mortality decline in theories of social and demographic transition. Pp. 31-42 in Consequences of Mortality Trends and Differentials. Population Studies no. 95. New York: United Nations. Caldwell, John C. 1986b. Routes to low mortality in poor countries. Population and Development Review 12, 2: 171-220. Caldwell, John C. 1991. Major new evidence on health transition and its interpretation. Health Transition Review 1, 2: 221-229. Caldwell, John C. 1996. Demography and social science. Population Studies 50, 3: 305-333. Caldwell, John C. and Pat Caldwell. 1992. Family systems: their viability and vulnerability. A study of intergenerational relations and their demographic implications. Pp. 46-66 in Family Systems and Cultural Change, ed. Elsa Berquo and Peter Xenos. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Caldwell, John C. , Sally Findley, Pat Caldw ell et al. (eds). 1990a. What We Know about Health Transition: The Cultural, Social and Behavioural Determinants of Health . Canberra: Australian National University. Caldwell, John C. , Pat Caldwell, Indra Gajanayake, I. O. Orubuloye, Indrani Pieris and P. H. Reddy. 1990b. Cultural, social and behavioural determinants of health and their mechanisms: a report on related research programs. Pp. 534-541 in What We Know about Health Transition, ed. J. C. Caldwell et al. Canberra: Australian National University. Caldwell, John C. and Gigi Santow (eds). 1989. Selected Readings in the Cultural, Social and Behavioural Determinants of Health. Canberra: Australian National University. Caldwell, Pat. 1996. Child survival: physical vulnerability in adversity in the European past and the contemporary Third World. Social Science and Medicine 43, 5: 609-619. Clark, Colin. 1967. Population Growth and Land Use. London: Macmillan. Cleland, John G. 1990. Maternal education and child survival: further evidence and explanations. Pp. 400-459 in What We Know about Health Transition, ed. J. C. Caldwell et al. Canberra: Australian National University. 22 Cleland, John G. and Jeroen K. van Ginneken. 1988. Maternal education and child survival in developing countries: the search for pathways of influence. Social Science and Medicine 27, 12: 1357-1368. Coale, Ansley J. and Paul Demeny. 1966. Regional Model Life Tables and Stable Populations. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Dorn, Harold F. 1959. Mortality. Pp. 437-471 in The Study of Population: An Inventory and Appraisal, ed. P. M. Hauser and O. D. Duncan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Dublin, Louis I. , Alfred J. Lotka and Mortimer Spiegelman. 1949 . Length of Life: A Study of the Life Table. New York: Ronald Press Co. Duffy, Lin da and Jane Menken. No date. Health, fertility and socioeconomic status as predictors of survival and later health of women: a twenty-year prospective study in rural Bangladesh. Mimeograph. Farah, Abdul-Aziz and Samuel H. Preston. 1982. Child mortality differentials in Sudan. Population and Development Review 8, 2: 365-383. Fogel, Robert William. 1997. New findings on secular trends in nutrition and mortality: some implications for population theory. Pp. 433-481 in Handbook of Population and Family Economic s, ed. M. R. Rosenzweig and O. Stark, Vol. 1A. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Hecht, Jacqueline. 1987. Johann Peter Sussmilch: a German prophet in foreign countries. Population Studies 41, 1: 31-58. Hobcraft, John. 1993. Women’s education, child welfare, and child survival: a review of the evidence. Health Transition Review 3, 2: 159-175. Hobcraft, J. N. , J. W. McDonald and S. O. Rutstein. 1984. Socioeconomic factors in infant and child mortality: a cross-national comparison. Population Studies 38, 2: 193-223. Hodgson, Dennis. 1983. Demography as a social science and policy science. Population and Development Review 9, 1: 1-34. Hogben, Lancelot (ed). 1938. Political Arithmetic. London: Allen and Unwin. Johansson, S. Ryan and Carl Mosk. 1987. Exposure, resistance and life expectancy: disease and death during the economic development of Japan, 1900-1960. Population Studies 41, 2: 207-235. 23 Krausler, Donald H. and Barry C. Krausler. 1996. The Graying of America: An Encyclopedia of Aging, Health, Mind and Behavior. Urbana: Univ ersity of Illinois Press. Kravdal, Oystein. 2000. Social inequalities in cancer survival. Population Studies 54, 1: 1-18. Kreager, Philip. 1988. New light on Graunt. Population Studies 42, 1: 129-140. Kreager, Philip. 1991. Early modern population theory: a reassessment. Population and Development Review 17, 2: 207-227. Lopez, Alan D. and Kyo Hanada. 1982. Mortality patterns and trends among the elderly in developed countries. World Health Statistical Quarterly 35: 203-224. Malthus, Thomas Robert. 1960 . A summary view of the principle of population. In On Population: Three Essays. New York: New American Library. First published 1830, slightly abridged from an article in the 1824 Supplement to the Encyclopaedia Britannica . McKeown, Thomas. 1976. The Modern Rise of Population. London: Nuffield Hospital Trust. Mensch, Barbara, Harold Lentzner and Samuel H. Preston. 1985. Socioeconomic Differentials in Child Mortality in Developing Countries. New York: United Nations. Mosley, W. Henry and Lincoln C. Chen. 1984. An analytical framework for the study of child survival in developing countries. Population and Development Review 10 (Supplement): 25-45. Myers, George C. 1996. Comparative mortality trends among older persons in developed countries. Pp. 87-111 in Health and Mortality among Elderly Populations, ed. G. Caselli and A. D. Lopez. Oxford: Clarendon. Notestein, Frank W. 1945. Population – the long view. Pp. 36-57 in Food for the World, ed. T. W. Schultz. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Notestein, Frank W. 1953. Economic problems of population change. Pp. 13-31 in Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference of Agriculture Economists. New York: Oxford University Press. 24 Olshansky, S. Jay and A. Brian Ault. 1986. The fourth stage of the epidemiologic transition: the age of delayed degenerative diseases. Milbank Quarterly 64, 3: 355-391. Omran, Abdel R. 1971. The epidemiologic transition: a theory of the epidemiology of population change. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 49, 1: 509-538. Orubuloye, I. O. and John C. Caldwell. 1975. The impact of public health services on mortality: a study of mortality differentials in a rural area in Nigeria. Population Studies 29, 2: 259-272. Preston, Samuel H. 1975. The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development. Population Studies 29, 2: 231-248. Preston, Samuel H. 1996. Population studies of mortality. Population Studies 50,3: 525-536. Preston, Samuel H. and Irma Elo. 1995. Are educational differences in adult mortality increasing in the limited States? Journal of Aging and Health 7: 476-496. Preston, Samuel H. and Michael R. Haines. 1991. Fatal Years: Child Mortality in Late Nineteenth Century America. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Preston, Samuel H. and Verne E. Nelson. 1974. Structure and change in causes of death: an international summary. Population Studies 28, 1: 19-51. Preston, Samuel H. and Paul Taubman. 1994. Socioeconomic differences in adult mortality and health status. Pp. 279-318 in Demography of Aging, ed. L. G. Martin and S. H. Preston. Washington DC: National Academy Press. Preston, Samuel H. and Etienne van de Walle. 1978. Urban French mortality in the nineteenth century. Population Studies 32, 2: 275-297. Razzell, P. E. 1974. â€Å"An interpretation of the modern rise of population in Europe† – a critique. Population Studies 28, 1: 5-17. Rogers, Richard G. , Robert A. Hummer and Charles B. Nam. 2000. Living and Dying in the USA: Behavioral, Health and Social Differentials of Adult Mortality. New York: Academic Press. Sandiford, P. , J. Cassel, M. Montenegro and G. Sanchez. 1995. The impact of women’s literacy on child health and its interaction with access to health services. Population Studies 49, 1: 5-17. 25 Schubnell, Hermann. 1959. Demography in Germany. Pp. 203-216 in The Study of Population: An Inventory and Appraisal, ed. P. M. Hauser and O. D. Duncan. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Simons, John. 1989. Cultural dimensions of the mother’s contribution to child survival. Pp. 132-145 in Selected Readings in the Cultural, Social and Behavioural Determinants of Health , ed. J. C. Caldwell and G. Santow. Canberra: Australian National University. Stolnitz, George J. 1955. A century of international mortality trends, Part I. Population Studies 9, 1: 24-55. Stolnitz, George J. 956. A century of international mortality trends, Part II. Population Studies 10, 1: 17-42. Szreter, Simon. 1988. 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The Population History of England, 1541- 1871: A Reconstruction. London: Edward Arnold.

Entrepreneurial Audit Report on an existing business

History, founding and ownership In today’s business environment it is very important that companies operate with a clear strategic path. It is this clear strategic path that will enable a company continuously search for new entrepreneurial opportunities and seize them with much effectiveness. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Entrepreneurial Audit Report on an existing business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is the result of this strategic process combined with the human workforce together with other resources that will determine which corporation crosses the finish line in first place or closes shop. This is therefore why management audits are carried out within department to bring out a clear picture of what is going on. BHP Billiton came into existence in 2001 when to companies namely the Australian broken hill proprietary company (BHP) and the Anglo-Dutch Billiton plc decided to merge. Broken hill is an Australian company that was an Australian company that was incorporated back in 1885 and concentrated its business in steel manufacturing. Later oil, copper it was later caught by global inefficiencies and closed down its steel production in the late 1990’s.On the other Hand Billiton was formed back in the 1860’s and concentrated on minerals like iron, titanium, nickel and coal before the two companies merged in June 29 2001 to form BHP BILLITON. BHP BILLITON is currently the largest mining company which deals with a large variety of minerals. BHP Billiton which has its dual head quarters in Melbourne Australia and London England and presence in London and corporate centers in Johannesburg and Huston Texas.BHP Billiton is the world’s top mining company in terms of market capitalization, with capitalization of approximately 191 billion dollars. According to BHP website (www.bhpbilliton.com) BHP Billiton is listed in the Australian securities exchange and London stock exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. Meaning it is owned by numerous shareholders who purchase their shares in the form of nominees, institutional investors and individuals. The company operates hundreds of mines across the world and has a workforce of about 41,000 employees from about 25 different countries it is therefore evident and clear that there is large diversity among the employees that BHP Billiton has employed. Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Furthermore the company made a profit of about US$ 6.3 billion in 2009 from the sale of its main products and services which fall under the mining industry. Some of these services and products include Iron ore, Diamonds, Coal, Gold, Petroleum, Aluminum, Copper, Nickel, Uranium, and Silver. Company Name And Origin BPH Billiton Country Australia Formation and Existence BHP Billiton has exist ed since 2001 after Australian broken hill proprietary companies (BHP) and the Anglo-Dutch Billiton plc decided to merge. Company overview BPH Billiton is a mining company dealing in Diamonds, Coal, Gold, Petroleum, Aluminum, Copper, Nickel, Uranium, Silver and iron ore Organizational structure Company’s structure is divided into CSG’S (Customer Sector Groups) which concentrate on key products having the customers desire in mind and work together with the functional groups of finance ,Marketing, transport and logistics to run efficiently and deliver quality. Appendix A: summary of BHP Billiton history (source www.bhpbilliton.com) Innovation, risk taking and pro-activeness of BHP Billiton BHP Billiton is a very large company and it has vast resources it therefore has a fairly complicated organizational structure. The company faces a lot of risk in its entrepreneurial ventures.BHP Billiton is innovative because it searches for mines across the world that offers op portunities to their business. BHP Billiton had the first oil and gas production in deep water Gulf of Mexico; it also had the first production from the angostura in Trinidad and Tobago. Its innovation often involves being a dominant first mover and forming alliances with other companies to enter certain business areas. BHP Billiton, often sales of its strategic business units at the right time and moves on to areas which offer more business potential. Of course this is with the help of its extremely talented research and development department that works on coming up with better mining techniques that will not destroy the environment. BHP Billiton faces a lot of risks in its which include workforce strikes, natural disasters such as typhoons and stiff competition other big mining companies together with changing economic times. Consumer needs are continuously changing and therefore the company must adhere to this by sending out the best individuals within the organization to gath er relevant research data that will help the company adapt to its environment. BHP Billiton also faces resistance from, activists and environmental groups whom have led governments to set tight laws that govern the business of mining in various countries. This has potential effect on the market dominance and expansion plans and strategies that BHP Billiton have put in place. Therefore this affects its entrepreneurial spirit of finding new opportunities of business and making profits.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Entrepreneurial Audit Report on an existing business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More An organizational structure is a systematic arrangement of job and job groups within an organization. Therefore BHP uses CSG’S (Customer Sector Groups) which mean its organizational structure job groups are arranged by grouping the leadership and staff according to the various customer groups into various se ctors which are Diamonds and specialty products, base metals, energy and coal, metallurgical coal, manganese, stainless steel and steel products and petroleum. Therefore BHP Billiton has flat structure which allows for fewer managers a wider span of control to the managers which leads to a faster flow of communication better team spirit of employees and less bureaucracy therefore easier decision making. The fewer levels of management means that the company will save costs. The disadvantage is that the function of each department may get blurred and roles may end up being duplicated, workers in different departments may report to one boss thus overloading his duties and at the same time this may hinder growth. It is this Customer Sector Groups that work together with the finance, research and development, legal and marketing transport and logistics functions to achieve the mission, vision and objectives of the organization and come up with new products. In such an organizational st ructure various divisions that handle special projects aiming to satisfy a particular group of customers work hand in hand with the various functional areas within the organization. BHP Billiton has set a number of strategic, management and operational controls which are tight for example each and every employee is accountable for his duty or functional area and failure to which an employee or manager is punished, This Is Why Brian Gilbertson stepped down only after six months as the C.E.O back in 2003 because his leadership style seemed not to be in line with the strategic focus of BHP Billiton that the board had set. Therefore failure is not tolerated /taken well among the top management. (Kaye, 2005 52). Entrepreneurial overview Today’s business environment is full of challenges that may hinder corporations from achieving its main objective of high returns and profitability It is due to this that entrepreneurial quality of employees, management and investors that decide if businesses will thrive or die. The porter’s model can be very useful in conducting such analysis because it looks at various industry factors comprehensively to create a reliable report. Porter’s model is a model that looks at five forces which shape any industry it is this forces that will determine how well a company can operate in a give n environment and be able to satisfy its customers and realize a profit. The forces in porter’s model includeAdvertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Threat of new entrants– Barriers are placed by existing companies and regulatory authorities to prevent new entrants from causing abnormal profit flows for existing companies some of the threats including government policies, exploiting cost advantages, access to distribution, capital requirements. In this case the mining industry is known to be very capital-intensive since acquisition of mines and mining equipment is quite expensive. Making this venture of BHP Billiton a good one since the higher the capital structure of an industry the more harder is it for new entrants therefore existing companies such as BHP can earn returns to their investments. Intensity of competitive rivalry among existing firms– firms within the same industry always compete for the available market this can be trough powerful competitive strategies, innovation, structure of industry costs, switching costs, degree of product differentiation and so on Which BHP Billiton is known to apply by scan ning for mines in far regions like DRC Congo, South Africa, Brazil, Indonesia and Canada. Threat of substitute products or services-consumers can opt to go for substitute products if quality is better, price is relatively better, or the cost of switching is favorable. There are relatively few substitutes to the kind of minerals and products that BHP Billiton offers for example Iron is iron and it has no substitute the same goes for silver and minerals such as oil. This therefore means that the mining industry which is the core business BHP Billiton is highly entrepreneurial and profitable because some of the minerals they mine do not have close substitutes. The bargaining power of customers-the bargaining power of buyers depends on number of buyers within the industry who purchase from the available suppliers, differentiation of products, the profit margin of buyers especially if they are resellers, switching costs that are associated with switching brands and the importance quality and service to the buyers. BY providing high quality and highly differentiated products and the large number of customers demanding their products as compared to its competitors BHP Billiton is able to increase its bargaining power and reduce that of customers. The bargaining power of suppliers-Suppliers who provide raw material can determine the profitability and viability of an industry by setting prices of implements which in turn affect the profit margins. â€Å"The concentration and number of suppliers affect their bargaining power, the importance of the industry to them, the ability of suppliers to integrate forward and the role of quality and service in the industry.† (Casson, 1982 45) According to IBIS Australia’s largest provider of Industry Based research the Australian Mining industry occupies a vital place in the nation’s economy. The Mining division is anticipated to make AN income of approximately $179 billion in 2010-11, A hoist from $120 billio n in 2005-06. Revenue is anticipated to spike by about 20% in 2010-11, having fallen by over 15% in 2009-10 in response to the global economic meltdown. Regardless of that fall, revenue is projected to go up by an average yearly rate of about 7.9% over the five years ending in 2010-11. The division is expected to contribute over 7.1% of Australia’s GDP in 2010-11. According to the linker mining report (Q2 2010) â€Å"an industry forecast following the 2009 recession suggests that the Business Monitor International is highly optimistic on Australia’s mining trade over the newly-extended forecast period to 2014. It is believed that expansion can average just above 6% over the coming five years†. It is expected that mining’s role to GDP rising from 6.79% in 2009 to some 8.17% by 2013, although it may drop slightly in 2014. Competition is also very tight with BHP Billiton having almost over 25 competitors who include heavyweights such as Mobil Exxon, Xstrata, Anglo American and Rio-Tinto. The rise of china also poses a big threat to big corporations such as BHP Billiton. It is therefore right to say the industry presents opportunities and threats threat could either mean do or die for a BHP Billiton but in this case it is vital that the best of the best human resource should be acquired. It is these people who will set strategy and policies that will primarily seize the advantages arising from porter’s model and minimize the shortcomings that arise out of this model. Strategy is a set of long term goals and plans formulated, implemented, evaluated and corrected to achieve positive results that are directly linked to mission, vision, goals and objectives of BPH Billiton. A firms corporate strategy can be of three type these are either growth (dominance), stability, or retrenchment (Bryson 2004 89) in BHP Billiton it is quite clear that it pursues a Growth Corporate directional strategy that insists on diversification of it diffe rent products which all fall under the same mining industry be it gold, silver, oil, manganese or iron. A company may be run by its overall corporate strategy but it is its business strategies that can bring business strategy into reality. There are overall two types of business strategies which are either cooperative or competitive in this case BHP has used both of them. In 2001 June BHP Billiton was formed from a merger this is a business strategy that is cooperative. Currently the company either acquires other companies via negotiations or hostile takeovers this is a good example of a competitive business strategy. Without such business level strategies the top management won’t achieve their goals and the company will not grow and survive in such a competitive industry. Casson (1982 78) notes â€Å"in this hierarchy of strategy the lowest level of strategy is the functional strategy that is formulated and implemented in every functional area to achieve corporate and bus iness unit objectives by maximizing resource productivity.† BHP ensures that all its employees and lowest levels of management deliver unique high quality innovative products. BHP Billiton performs better than its rivals when it comes to delivering products and services thus making it one of the largest and top mining companies. Functional business strategy ensures that functional areas of finance, mining, transport and procurement, marketing, Human resource work smoothly and efficiently. An entrepreneurial audit is an all-inclusive assessment of a firm’s entrepreneurial and innovative distinctiveness. It takes a glance at the ability to recognize and seize when opportunities arise, crafting and sustaining an entrepreneurial environment, analyze the utilization of resources, and comprehend organizational efficiency to maximize time-to-profits. In order for an internal audit to be conducted a critical look of the Internal Environment, Entrepreneurial Culture, Innovatio n practices, Team Dynamics, and Resource distribution (Campbell 2002 88) Competencies of BHP Billiton BHP Billiton key competencies include a large operating capital, its product quality, a large number of rich mines scattered across the world together with a tough human resource team fostering innovative products. The acquisition of Athabasca Potash in Canada this year and the eight year supply contract to deliver over 20 million tons of iron ore to Hyundai motors from 2009 is some of the latest entrepreneurial ventures that BHP Billiton has achieved. Currently BHP Billiton is among the most profitable mining companies with the highest return rates. It is therefore right to say that BHP Billiton is a profitable entrepreneurial venture that jumps ahead of other mining companies to be a fast mover and seize opportunities better. A large capital base enables BHP Billiton be able to operate huge mines that offer huge business potential to them. (Campbell ,2002 48) Current human resou rce systems in BHP Billiton The human resource purpose is to focus on recruitment, administration, and providing direction for the human resource who work in the organization. Such a department handles a wide array of tasks which include hiring, firing, performance management, handling of benefits, employee motivation, and training. The presence of a good human resource system ensures that health and safety in workplace is there, no harassment occurs, and that gain sharing is individualized to reward the ones responsible for success.BHP Billiton has a good human resource system that many multinational companies desire to acquire. BHP has systems and policies that are put in place to ensure equal employment opportunities and the same goes for promotion. â€Å"The management style of BHP Billiton aims to ensure safety among its workforce, integrity, high performance, win-win relationship together with respect for each other.† (Appelbaum, et al 1998 79). BHP Billiton has both i nternal and external systems of recruiting employees. Graduates once a year have a chance to join the organization, these also applies to other first time employees. But in order to encourage employee participation and motivation BHP Billiton also gives a lot consideration to internal employees while giving promotions. It is by use of software that the company ensures equal opportunities in employment, and management of its diverse workforce and be able to manage its vast talents to achieve its impeccable status to date. BHP Billiton has put in place superior human resource management practices which include software HR SAP and other human resource information systems (HRIS) that aim to Manage Personnel, Administer Recruitment, manage Time, manage Payroll Compensation, Planning Budget for human resource Development Training. Individual personal information of every employee including their key competencies is stored to assist in implementing the human resource strategies, and alloc ating them to places where they are best needed. The should be picture The biggest challenge to date is the inability of BHP Billiton to successfully handle the problems related to its workforce diversity. It seems mine workers in regions liked Africa and South America have complained that the gain sharing structures do not favor them, and therefore they see some in equality. (Porter, 2004 89).A company an efficient Human resource system should therefore be able to manage its workforce diversity faultlessly. Recommendations and implementation issues The should be picture contains the following recommendations, for a manager to successfully handle workplace diversity, Camillus, (1986, 89) suggests that a HR Manager needs to alter from an ethnocentric managerial style (â€Å"our way is the best way†) to a multi-ethnocentric perspective of (â€Å"let’s take the best of a variety of ways†). In addition, the human resource managers must guarantee the local professio nals that these foreign talents pose no risk to their career advancements Kourdi, (2009, 26).The entrepreneurial culture is a culture of working hard and moving resources from an area of low utility to an area of high utility to realize profits. BHP Billiton should strive to create a good gain sharing technique that aims to reward the best of their employees no matter what their cultural diversity. Gains are calculated and distributions are made regularly through a prearranged formula. Because organizations create programs that reward employees only when gains are realized by the company thus creating a win- win situation therefore adversely affect company costs. (Worthington Britton, 2009 90) Therefore a mentorship program should be put in place to mentor employees and let them know that their cultural diversity is aligned to the entrepreneurial spirit to the company but talent is all that counts therefore controlling and measuring performance should be at the backbone of BHP Bill iton’s policies. Human resource management systems should strive to organize talents and locate them where needed accurately and lead from the front by preaching water and drinking water. (Carsrud, et al 2007, 26). Handling resistance to change To overcome resistance to change managers may often involve the people who will be affected by the change. Communicate a good reason that has lead to the change people will always resist change that lacks a good reason. Choose a champion for the change, (It is vital to have a respected person in charge of the process) who will therefore marshal other employees to accept change for its good. Create a transition management team. (No one personality is compelling or talented enough to execute an organizational change). Provide training in new values, skills, and behaviors. (Change normally involves new competencies) and by training employees you increase their moral and the faith they have in themselves therefore making them accept chan ge. Bring in outside help if necessary. (Most superior managers are not trained in facilitating organizational change and therefore outsourcing may be necessary). Reward people in a way that is proportionate to the gain they are expected to bring to the organization as soon as they embrace the change (This is because reward systems motivate people towards changing). References Appelbaum, A. 1998. Strategic organizational change: the role of leadership, learning, motivation and productivity. Management Decision Vol. 36, no. 5 pp. 289–301. Bryson, J., 2004 Creating and implementing your strategic plan: a workbook for public and nonprofit organizations, 2nd edition. Hoboken,NJ: Wiley and Sons. Camillus, J., 1986. Strategic planning and management control: systems for survival and Success Lexington, KY: Lexington Books. Campbell , D. 2002. Business Strategy An Introduction, New York: A Butterworth-Heinemann . Casson, M. 1982. The entrepreneur: an economic theory, Illustrated edit ion, Manhattan: Rowman Littlefield. Carsrud, A., Malin E. 2007. Entrepreneurship,Illustrated edition, Melbourne: Greenwood Publishing Group. Kaye, J., 2005. Simplified strategic planning, a no-nonsense guide for busy people who want results fast. Worcester, MA: Chandler House Press. Kourdi, J., 2009. Business Strategy: A Guide to Effective Decision Making, 2 editions, New York: Economist books. Porter, M., 2004. Competitive advantage, Northampton, MA: Free press. Worthington, I., Britton, C., 2009. Business environment, 6th edition, Vancouver, Canada: Pearson Education This report on Entrepreneurial Audit Report on an existing business was written and submitted by user Adr1el to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Build Meaningful Experiences With Content [PODCAST]

How to Build Meaningful Experiences With Content [PODCAST] People learn from and remember their experiences. When they’re good experiences, they’ll want to come back for more. If you want your audience to keep coming back to you, you’ll need to create valuable experiences for them. Today we’re talking to Carla Johnson, the brains behind Type A Communications and the author of Experiences: The 7th Era of Marketing. She will talk to us about how to create value with our content, how to manage change within your organization, and how to break the status quo. Information about Type A Communications and what Carla does there. She also talks about what it was like to co-write Experiences and some of the takeaways of the book. Carla’s best advice for marketers who want to create value for their audience. The differences between relationship-building and experience-creating, as well as why now is the right time to start focusing on creating experiences. Examples of brands that have gotten the experience-building down to a science, including Nike and Vail Resorts. Tips for making this new era of marketing something your company implements and succeeds with. Carla’s basic steps behind content creation management and her best advice for marketers who want to break through the status quo. Links: Type A Communications Experiences: The 7th Era of MarketingIf you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Carla: â€Å"With the sophistication of consumers and the social world in which we live, just having a relationship isn’t enough.† â€Å"People need to feel a little uncomfortable and understand that what has historically been safe is now perhaps the risky option.† â€Å"We have to start being able to look at brands and ideas and experiences that have nothing to do with our industry or with marketing. Dig deep and understand what has inspired you as a person.†

Assignment2UT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment2UT - Essay Example .. (Sumner & Keller, 1913 p 234) †. This argument is aimed at ensuring the poor do not get any support for social justice against the rich and that wealthy slave owners should be left to continue with oppression since they happen to be strong in the natural sense. As an observer of the Cotton Farmers Alliance, these arguments by Professor Sumner are more than disturbing given the degree of oppression witnessed in Houston that called for cotton pickers strike. The foundation laid by America’s founding fathers demanded justice for all, rich poor, black or white. Speaking against government support for the less fortunate as advanced by Professor Sumner is contrary to the founding principles of the United States. Justice must be done to reduce the growing gap between the poor and rich members of the American society and this can only be done with government protection of the voiceless. Before nature, we are not any better than the wilder beasts and rattle snakes, but then we are not living in the wild as Professor Sumner would like to make us believe, we are human beings with a sense of intelligence living in a civil liberated country that was founded on the platform of justice and freedom for all. These founding principles have the implication that the rights of the ‘wild beasts’ are protected against attacks from ‘lions’ and that as the American ‘lions’ industrialize, the ‘wild beasts’ that are the poor cotton pickers, must be carried along in clear structures that assures them a place in the table of industrial success. The kind of unrest witnessed in the south is a product of years of oppression and to mitigate this, government must come up with clear protection policies which will ensure that the fruits of industrialization are shared by both the cotton pickers and the industrialists as the American society works towards closing the rich-poor gap. Professor Sumner argues in his book: What Social Classes Owe to Each Other; that social programs by the government to help the poor are contrary to nature and robs hard working people of their rightful rewards. He forgets that the alleged hard workers are propelled to success by the poor laborers who toil to make their enterprises successful. It’s an act of fairness to give the laborers a share of their output because no success can be realized if it were not for the efforts of cotton pickers in the south. The economic principle of fair reward is the basis of my support for social programs that will ensure cotton pickers share into the success of industrialization through these programs. Sumner’s ideologies have no place in the American society after my observation of happenings in Houston. Question Two: The Populist Party, 1892 Common problems Addressed by the Populist in Nebraskan and Georgia Key to the issues facing the Populist of Omaha and Georgia are economically traversing issues, which were so dominant in the U.S.A in the late 19th century. Therefore, in the event of such a convention, the two groups would have similar issues to rise on a wider scale. Some of the issues include labor and remuneration, the legal and justice system as well as taxation (Sumner & Keller, 1913). Watson from Georgia speaks of exploitation of the